How Advertising Changed to Fit New Media and Technology free essay sample

This paper discusses the changes that have taken place to change the media and advertising world. The paper discusses and sheds light on how changes in the advertising industry and new creative techniques emerged to make specific advertisements stand out from its competitors. The author examines what media and advertising strategies manufactures would use, where these new ideas came from and how consumers respond. A look at how technology and the emergence of new unexplored mediums altered previous advertising strategies. From the paper: In the 1880s most manufactures were starting to see a huge boom in the economy, which allowed them to expand their area of distribution and dip into new markets previously unattainable. Alongside this enormous economic growth, many technological changes were taking place as well. For example, mechanized farming equipment, sewing machines, and other machinery were invented increasing the production processes of the past. As a direct result of this increase in production, factories expanded and products became available at a lower cost and faster rate than ever before. We will write a custom essay sample on How Advertising Changed to Fit New Media and Technology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page New inventions began to appear such as the automobile, telephone and light bulb. In 1896 the government and the railroad companies developed the national railroad system and rural free delivery. With this, it was now possible for manufactures to distribute goods to geographic areas previously unreachable.

Economic And Environmental Impacts Of Tourism In Kermanshah Tourism Essays

Economic And Environmental Impacts Of Tourism In Kermanshah Tourism Essays Economic And Environmental Impacts Of Tourism In Kermanshah Tourism Essay Economic And Environmental Impacts Of Tourism In Kermanshah Tourism Essay This survey examines local people perceptual experiences about societal, economic and environmental impacts of touristry in the cultural heritage finish of Kermanshah in Iran. The survey focused on occupants in the locality of two popular heritage attractive forces in the part. Harmonizing to the study, a high per centum of the replies, emphasizes the positive impacts of touristry toward local people. Besides, societal facets of touristry impacts are found to be the strongest and most favourable perceptual experiences. The Findings in Semi structured interviews with occupants supported the study consequences. Local communities are known as cardinal stakeholders in leisure and touristry direction. Tourism has to be managed with the aid and involvement of all stakeholders in a given district with a focal point on local dwellers. ( Guyer and Pollard, 1997 ) .Considering the importance of occupants, who have a cardinal function in touristry, many surveies are carried out by the research workers in the developed states about local community toward touristry. Among them are Lankford and Howard ( 1994 ) , Hernandez et al. , ( 1996 ) , Schroeder ( 1996 ) , Ryan and Montgomery ( 1994 ) , Nicholas ( 2007 ) , Williams and Lawson ( 2001 ) . But unluckily, barely any work has been devoted to analyzing occupants attitudes in developing states ( Lepp, 2007 ) . Kermanshah state of Iran, counts as one of the chief touristry finishs in the part. The intent of this survey is to place the perceptual experiences of occupants in the locality of two chief touristry finishs of Kermanshah towards touristry impac ts. Iran is the 18th largest state in the universe in footings of country. It is located in southwesterly Asia and covers the land country of more than 1,648,000km2. It has a population of over 70 million ( Statistical Centre of Iran, 2006 ) . Throughout history, Iran has been of geostrategic importance because of its cardinal location in Eurasia. It occupies an of import place in the universe economic system due to its big militias of crude oil and natural gas. The state possesses one of the universe s oldest uninterrupted major civilisations, with historical and urban colonies day of the month back to more than 5000 BCE. It is rich with the history of humanity and has a high concentration of archeological sites ( Zendeh Deh, 2001 ) . There are 10 historical sites listed under the World Heritage list, while 60 more sites are tentatively listed ( UNESCO, 2009 ) . Heritage attractive forces give the state a good potency for touristry development. The authorities intends to develop the tou ristry sector as a cardinal factor mentioned in the national economic and societal development program. Kermanshah state is in western Iran. It has an country of 24,434.25 sq kilometer which consists near to 1.5 per centum of Iran s country. Kermanshah has a moderate and cragged clime. Evidence indicated that this state has been the place of adult male since the Paleolithic and Neolithic age. Sing the historical memorials found in Kermanshah, it was really glorious in the Achaemenid and Sassanian epoch ( more than 1400 old ages ago ) , and was extremely regarded by the male monarchs of those times. In the Islamic period, particularly in the Safavid period ( about 400 old ages ago ) , it made great advancement. Kurds, Lors, Arabs, and Turks are peoples populating in this state. In add-on to the dwellers of the town and small towns, there are mobile societies throughout the state. The prevailing linguistic communication is Farsi, but other linguistic communications are besides spoken. From the Paleolithic clip to the present, this territory has been the place of many people ( Ahmadi, 198 9 ) . The popular heritage sites of the state are Taqe Bostan and Bisotun. Taqe Bostan is a series of big stone alleviation from the epoch of Sassanid Empire of Persia, the Iranian dynasty which ruled western Asia from 226 to 650 AD. The site is located in the capital metropolis of Kermanshah and merely 5 kilometers from the metropolis centre of Kermanshah. The population of the metropolis is about 900000 ( SCI, 2009 ) . Bisotun site is located in the little metropolis of Bistoon 30 kilometres from the metropolis of Kermanshah, There are many historical memorials in the Bisotun composite. its primary memorial is the Bisotun Inscription, made in 521 BC by Darius the Great when he conquered the Persian throne. The lettering is written in 3 linguistic communications: Elamite, Babylonian and Old Persian ( UNESCO, 2006 ) . Both Taqe Bostan and Bisotun are protected under the list of the National Cultural and Natural Heritage Organization of Iran and besides that, Bisotun was registered in UNESCO List of World Heritage Sites in a determination made by UNESCO Worl d Heritage Committee and announced 13th of July 2006 ( UNESCO, 2006 ) . Bistoon is inhabited by merely 2500 people during autumn and winter ( statistical centre of Iran, 2006 ) ; nevertheless, the figure escalates in spring and summer because of more desirable conditions and more occupation chances particularly in the touristry sector. In the yesteryear, Bisotun was a small town with merely 100 houses. It was a hamlets among bargainers from other parts. It had about 25 stores included abattoir, bakeshop, food market shops. After the Islamic revolution of Iran ( 1978 ) , population increased and people started constructing stores and houses in the part. In 1996 authorities approved to alter the name of the small town into the metropolis of Bisotun. Now, they are more than 500 households populating in the metropolis. The economic system of households is related to farms, touristry and some industrial mills around the metropolis. Sing current planetary touristry tendencies and the alone heritage attractive force which the state possesses, authorities is be aftering to assist the economic system of part by developing touristry sector. The first organisation refering touristry in Iran was set up in 1935 and was called attracting tourers and advertizement . But from the clip boulder clay now, the responsible organisation for touristry in Iran has confronted many alterations from its name and its construction to its aims and policies ( Farzin, 2007 ) . After the triumph of Islamic revolution of Iran in 1978 and the starting of imposed Iran-Iraq war, touristry industry of Iran was severely damaged due to the political crises and war. But from the first development program of the state after the Islamic revolution, touristry was taken into consideration one time once more ( Safaei, 2007 ) . Iran Cultural Heritage, Handicraft and Tourism organisation is the governmental responsible organic structure to protect, pre sent, preserve and reconstruct the state s historic-cultural bequest every bit good as promote touristry development. The chief aims of touristry development in the four-five twelvemonth ( 2004-2009 ) socio cultural and economic development program of Iran ( after Iran-Iraq war ) were: presenting the civilization and civilianization of Islamic Iran, imitating local commercialism and industries and bring forthing a favourable world-wide image of the state ( Farzin, 2007 ) . Taqe Bostan and Bisotun are visited by many national and international tourers every twelvemonth. It takes merely approximately half an hr by auto to make Bisotun from Kermanshah. So normally tourists visit both of them during their stay in Kermanshah. The grounds for tourers to see the countries are to bask the alone heritage and natural beauty of the countries. The typical visit is short and seasonal. Many national Tourists normally visit these countries during the NowRuz ( Persian New Year ) period, spring, summer, and other public vacations. It is besides visited by international tourers in all seasons. Their visits are chiefly organized by circuit operators. At the extremum tourer season, they may host more than 25,000 tourers per twenty-four hours. Literature reappraisal Heritage is regarded as one of the more important and fastest turning constituents of touristry in many developed economic systems ( Alzue, OLeary, A ; Morrison, 1998 ; Herbert, 2001 ) . It is going progressively popular in the universe, and deemed of import for touristry development. Defined as a signifier of particular involvement touristry, it caters to the desire of tourers to larn about the history and life style of a finish ( Craik, 1997 ; Williams, 1998 ) . It has long been recognized that the ideological and institutional context of heritage touristry is basically different from that of general touristry ( Garrod A ; Fyall, 2000 ) . The relationship between heritage and touristry is often characterized by contradictions and struggles ( Nuryanti 1996 ) . Heritage has its exceptional values and concerns. Although, heritage touristry provides chances for many finishs, it may besides stand for different sorts of menaces for occupants. In order to minimise these menaces, there i s a demand for duologue, cooperation, and coaction among the assorted stakeholders involved ( Aas et al. , 2005 ) . The stakeholder engagement must be included in any sustainable touristry program in order to cut down struggle ( Byrd 2007 ) . The construct of stakeholders is going progressively of import in heritage direction and planning, particularly the community as proprietor and keeper of heritage ( Nuryanti, 1996 ; Peters, 1999 ; Serageldin, 1986 ) . The local communities are known as chief stakeholders in heritage touristry. Local community occupants in the locality of the heritages are progressively being afforded the chance to do determinations over their ain resources and support substructure ( Cochrane and Tapper, 2006 ) . But the status of resident engagement in touristry direction is non the same in different states. Compared with many developed states, local occupants in many 3rd universe states do non hold such chances to portion in determination doing about their hometown touristry direction. Mowforth and Munt, ( 2003 ) explain, with huge grounds, how local communities in Third World states being exploited. Small control is in their custodies to maneuver the way of touristry development in their parts. The ir positions are seldom heard and their chances to foster their low budget entrepreneurial touristry concerns are often frustrated by the bigger external investors. A big proportion of the local population should profit from touristry, instead than simply bearing the load of its costs. Furthermore, the industry ought non to bury that finishs are basically communities ( Blank, 1989 ) . In many Third World states, a more suitably planned touristry development procedure is needed which would both distribute its costs and benefits more equitably and which would be more sensitive to its societal and cultural impacts. This would non merely cut down the demand for local occupants to merchandise off quality of life and societal costs for economic growing, but would besides lend to a more loosely based positive attitude toward touristry ( Mansfield 1992 ) . Many analysts call for greater local engagement in the Third World touristry sector to allow a more just distribution of its costs and benefits ( Blank 1989 ) . Research methodological analysis In this research the perceptual experiences of Kermanshah local communities toward societal, economic and environmental impacts of touristry, is presented. A questionnaire was designed for this research and assorted related literature were used to develop the points for inquiries ( Lankford A ; Howard, 1994 ; Williams and Lawson, 2001 ; Milman A ; Pizam, 1988 ; Choi and Sirakaya 2005 ; Andriottis, 2002 ) . The questionnaire was based on a Likert graduated table and it was piloted tested to hold its content validated by several touristry bookmans in Iran. Using Cronbach s alpha, the cogency of statement about touristry impact was tested. Descriptive statistic and t-test were employed as statistical techniques in this survey. Means and standard divergences are the descriptive statistics used in discoursing the distribution of responses gathered in the research. To measure the normalcy of the distribution of the informations, the lopsidedness and kurtosis of each variable were besides examined. In this survey lopsidedness was 0.239 and Kurtosis -0.201 so the distribution is comparatively symmetric. T-test was used to find whether there were important differences between respondents group mean sums and point average tonss. The questionnaires were distributed among the local people, populating or working in the locality of two heritage finishs of Taqe Bostan and Bisotun. A sum of 300 useable and completed questionnaires were collected and analyzed. Besides the questionnaire, writer had semi-structured interviews with occupants. Interviews were recorded digitally and transcribed while informal conversations and observations were written daily in field notes. A sum of 90 individuals accepted to hold interview with the writer. Forty one of these 90 individuals were in Bisotun and 40 nine were in Taqe Bostan. The qualitative information of the interviews were interpreted and analyzed by the writer feeling and reported eventually. Consequences Overall response rate was 53 % from the Taqe Bostan and 47 % from Bisotun. Out of 300 respondents 27 % were female and 73 % were male participants, with an mean age of 43 old ages ( 68 % are less than 35 old ages old ) . 44 % of them are married, while 51 % still individual. Sing the educational degree, 38 % indicated secondary school as the highest degree of instruction attained. While 26 % of the respondents have diploma and 8 % had a unmarried man s or higher grade. The mean length of residence was 31 old ages and 61 % have been populating in the country for 25 old ages and more. With respect to employment, 41 % of respondents province that they have occupations related to touristry. Respondents ( 56 % ) reported a monthly family income for 2009 of Persian Rails ( RIS ) 2000000-4000000 ( about US $ 216- $ 432 ) while 29 % of respondents indicated a monthly income of under ( RIS ) 2000000 ( about US $ 216 ) . Refering the community attitudes toward touristry in the country, points about societal, economic and environmental impacts of touristry were studied. Descriptive statistics revealed that respondents from both finishs rated on positive statements and lower on negative statements, bespeaking consistence in the way of their perceptual experiences. Table 1 shows community perceptual experiences toward the perceived societal, economic and environmental impacts of touristry. Based on the average steps of impact points, the points associated with societal impacts have the highest tonss. Some of the societal impacts, which are most favored by occupants, are as follows: addition in the recreational installations ( 4.12 ) , and Meeting tourers is a valuable experience ( 4.08 ) . Findingss about environmental impacts show that the most favorite point by occupants is Tourism provides an inducement for Restoration of heritage ( 4.18 ) , and the negative facets of environmental impacts are Crowded public topographic points ( 4.34 ) and Traffic congestion, noise and air pollution ( 3.22 ) . Based on the average steps of impact points, economic impacts points have the lowest tonss. The most favorite points are Tourism leads to more investing and disbursement ( 4.02 ) and Tourism Creates occupation chances ( 3.62 ) . The negative economic impact point is monetary values are increasing because of touristry ( 3.64 ) . The respondents have instead positive perceptual experience toward societal, economic and environmental impacts of touristry. T-test statistical analysis was used to set up whether there is a important difference between the respondents in Bisotun and Taqe Bostan. The consequence of the trial shows that there are no important differences of societal, economic and environmental impacts of touristry between the two territories. Interviews with local community revealed positive perceptual experiences toward economic impacts of touristry. However, most of the respondents said they expected more economic benefits of touristry particularly in employment. Many of them believe that touristry creates more occupations for aliens than for local people so Tourism gives benefits to a little group of people in the part. However, the bulk of respondents are in favour of touristry development in the country. About the environmental impacts of touristry, several respondents from Bisotun believe the negative impacts towards the community s environment. For illustration Tourists added to the traffic congestion in Bisotun during the tourer overruning period. But the streets around Taqe Bostan are wider and besides several occupants work in the stores near the site, so they were accustomed to traffic and noise in the country. In respects to societal impact of touristry most of the respondents had positive perceptual experiences and said that they are happy to run into tourers particularly from other states in Kermanshah. However, some respondents in Bisotun were concerned about the alterations that Tourism can do in their traditional civilization particularly among immature coevals. Through interviews, in whole, the respondents in Bisotun and Taqe Bostan perceived that touristry has had a positive impact on their communities and they agreed that touristry can take to development of their economic system in the part. Decision Residents attitudes about societal, economic and environmental impacts of touristry in Kermanshah were studied in this research. Results showed that respondents perceived societal impacts of touristry most favourably ( 17.18 ) , environmental impacts ( 16.78 ) and economic impacts ( 16.68 ) . In most of researches, economic impacts has been perceived as favourable by occupants ( Tatoglu et al. , 2000 ) , so the consequences in this survey were about unexpected. Residents believe that touristry has non created adequate occupation chances for local people yet, but they agree that touristry can assist the economic system in the part and they have high hope and positive mentality of touristry development in Kermanshah. Social impacts of touristry were evaluated most positively by the occupants. They are really eager to run into tourers and demo their ancient heritage, but some occupants have concerns about unwanted effects or alterations which touristry may do on their civilization. In respect to Environmental impacts, they believe that Tourism provides an inducement for Restoration of heritage but crowded public topographic points, Traffic congestion and noise were found to be the negative facets of touristry impacts. Harmonizing to the semi-structured interviews, many similarities are seen between occupants perceptual experiences toward touristry in the two finishs and findings in t-test analysis indicate that differences are non important. Refference Aas, C. , Ladkin, A. , Fletcher, J. ( 2005 ) . Stakeholder Collaboration And Heritage Management. Annalss of Tourism Research, 32 ( 1 ) , 28-48. Ahmadi, Hasan. ( 1989 ) . Geography of Kermanshah state. Teheran: Tarigh Nashr. Alzue, A. , OLeary, J. , A ; Morrison, A. M. ( 1998 ) . Cultural and heritage touristry: identifying niches for international travellers. The Journal of Travel and Tourism Studies, 9 ( 2 ) , 2-13. Andriottis, K. ( 2002 ) . Residents satisfaction or dissatisfaction with public sector administration: The Cretan instance. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 4 ( 1 ) , 53-68. Blank, U. ( 1989 ) . The Community Tourism Industry Imperative: Its Necessity, Opportunities, and Potentials. State College: Venture Publishing. Byrd, E 2007 Stakeholder in Sustainable Tourism Development and their Functions: Using Stakeholder Theory to Sustainable Tourism Development. Tourism Review 62 ( 2 ) :6-13. Choi, H. S. , A ; E. Sirakaya. ( 2005 ) . Measuring Resident Attirudes toward Sustainable Tourism: Development of a Sustainable Tourism Attitude Scale. Journal of Travel Research, 43 ( 4 ) , 380-394. Cochrane, J. , A ; R. Tapper. ( 2006 ) . Tourism s Contribution to World Heritage Site Management in Managing World Heritage Sites, A. Leask and A. Fyall, eds. , pp. 97-109. Craik, J. ( 1997 ) . The civilization of touristry. In C. Rojek, A ; J. Urry ( Eds. ) .Touring civilizations: Transformations of travel and theory ( pp.113-136 ) . London: Routledge. Farzin, m. ( 2007, January ) . Study and analysis of Irans touristry policies in the 4th development program, asareh, pp. 17-26. Garrod, B. , A ; Fyall, A. ( 2000 ) . Pull offing heritage touristry. Annalss of Tourism Research, 27 ( 3 ) , 682-708. Guyer, C. , Pollard, J. ( 1997 ) . Cruise visitant feelings of the environment of the Shannon-Erne waterways system. Journal of Environmental Management 51, 199-215. Hall, C. M. , A ; S. Page. ( 2000 ) . Tourism in South and South-East Asia. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Herbert, D. ( 2001 ) . Literary topographic points, touristry and the heritage experience. Annalss of Tourism Research, 28 ( 2 ) , 312-333. Hernandez, SA. , Cohen, J. , A ; Garcia, HI. ( 1996 ) . Residents attitudes towards an instant resort enclave. Annalss of Tourism Research, 23 ( 4 ) , 755-779. Iran Statistical Center. ( 2009 ) . lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sci.org.ir gt ; ( accesed January 2009 ) . Persian Cultural Heritage, Handicraft and Tourism Organization, Bisotun Research Center. ( 2004 ) . lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.Bisotun.ir gt ; ( accesed January 2009 ) . Lankford, S. V. A ; Howard, D. R. ( 1994 ) . Developing a touristry impact attitude graduated table. Annalss of Tourism Research, 21 ( 1 ) , 121-139. Lepp, ( 2007 ) . Residents attitudes towards touristry in Bigodi small town, Uganda. Tourism direction, 28, 876-875. Mansfeld, Y. ( 1992 ) . Group Differentiated Perceptions of Social Impacts. Related to Tourism Development. Professional Geographer 44, 377-392. Mowforth, M. , A ; Munt, I. ( 2003 ) . Tourism and sustainability: Development and new touristry in the Third World ( 2nd ed. ) . London: Routledge. Nicholas, N. L.2007 Stakeholder Perspectives on the Pitons Management Area in St. Lucia: Potential for Sustainable Tourism Development. PhD thesis in Recreation, Parks and Tourism. University of Florida, United States. Nyaupane, G. , A ; Thapa, B. ( 2004 ) . Evaluation of Ecotourism: A Comparative Appraisal in the Annapurna. Conservation Area Project, Nepal. Journal of Ecotourism, 3, 20-45. Nuryanti, W. ( 1996 ) . Heritage and Postmodern Tourism. Annalss of Tourism Research, 23, 249-260. Peters, H. , ( 1999 ) . Making Tourism Work for Heritage Preservation: Lijiang, A Case Study.In UNESCO and The Nature Conservancy, Yunnan. International Conferenceon Anthropology, Chinese Society and Tourism, Kunming. Ryan, C. , A ; Montgomery, D. ( 1994 ) . The attitudes of Bakewell occupants to touristry and issues in community antiphonal touristry. Tourism Management, 15 ( 5 ) , 358-369. Roberts, L. , A ; F. Simpson 1999 Developing Partnership Approaches to Tourism in Central and Eastern Europe. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 7:314-330. Safaei, f. ( 2007 ) High council of cultural heritage and touristry, from menaces to chances. Asareh, 90, p. 2. Schroeder, T. ( 1996 ) The relationship of occupants image of their province as a tourer finish and their support for touristry. Journal of Travel Research, 34 ( 4 ) , 71-73. Serageldin, I. ( 1986 ) Financing the Adaptive Reuse of Culturally Significant Areas. In the Challenge to our Cultural Heritage: Why Continue the Past, R. Isar, ed. , pp. 67-95. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institute Press. Tatoglu, E. , Erdal, F. , Ozgur, H. , A ; Azakli, S. ( 2000 ) . Resident perceptual experience of the impacts of touristry in a Turkish resort town. [ Online ] Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.opf.slu.cz/vvr/akce/turecko/pdf/Tatoglu.pdf ( January 25, 2009 ) UNESCO. ( 2006 ) . UNESCO universe heritage site lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.worldheritagesite.org gt ; acceses January 2009 ) . Williams, J. , A ; R. Lawson 2001 Community Issues and Resident Opinions of Tourism. Annalss of Tourism Research, 28, 269-290. Zolfagharia, M. A ; Cheginib, N. A ; Malianc, A. ( September, 2005 ) PHOTOGRAMMETRIC DOCUMENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DARIUS MONUMENT AT BISOTUN, paper presented at CIPA 2005 XX International Symposium, Torino, Italy.

MGT501 - Management and Organizational Behavior Mod 2 Case Assignment Essay

MGT501 - Management and Organizational Behavior Mod 2 Case Assignment - Essay Example The military is an elite organism made up of those who are more able than many. However, it is also unusual in the fact that its income or funding is determined by the governments budget. This is a challenge. They can be the greatest in the world but unlike many organizations, they do not earn more for being great, they must fit that greatness inside the budget given. They deal with this by basing many of their functions on economic laws. Those laws are applied to almost everything they do (Fedorov., 2001). It is a little strange to think of the military as an economic machine but it certainly is. The military is a very close knit organism. They have a very organized way of managing to make each piece of the organism happen. Each one knows their job extremely well is very organized in his interaction with the other parts of the organism. Each cell does not think out of the box because they do not want them to think out of the box but follow the ritual exactly as it is written as it may save the life of one of the other cells later. . Like the military, the orchestra is a system made up of many subsystems and like the military those subsystems are very responsible for carrying out their individual and distinct duties. The orchestra functions very much the same as the military in its demand for each and every person to know their job really well for the good of the whole organization. If the viola cannot play the music they are supposed to play tonight, he can endanger the whole program. Just like the military organism they work in harmony. When the organization is a productive system which is the fact with both the military system and the orchestra, the open systems approach to analyzing their system is effective. In looking at a systems analysis which is shown above, the organizations environment and the relationship between it and the system are analyzed. The four major subsystems that are apparent are the economic system which we have discussed in the

Why the approach of Radical Feminism to prostitution is most superior Essay

Why the approach of Radical Feminism to prostitution is most superior - Essay Example While some see no problem with prostitution and defend it, others strongly call for the force of law to dispel this horrendous activity which has grave social repercussions. Many approaches have been identified by scholars over the years to understand and analyze the issue of prostitution. The three key approaches identified by Jaggar in her paper are related to liberalism, radical feminism, and classical Marxism. Each one of these approaches is comprehensively explicated and related to prostitution to analyze the merits offered by all three. My argument is this essay is that of all three approaches, radical feminism is the most preferable approach to prostitution because I believe that the women who engage in this practice do not engage out of free will, but are forced to do so being victims of oppression. To clarify this argument, I will start by briefly discussing the theme of both the liberal and Marxist approaches first and then I will scrutinize my preferred approach at length to prove why it is better. I will also include one objection to my position on this subject. According to the liberal approach as discussed by Jaggar, considering the practice of prostitution illegal or offensive is both a conservative and objectionable ideology. Proponents of this approach argue that prostitution should be decriminalized because taking legal measures against it would be a clear violation of thousands of women’s rights who engage in this practice by full consent. They also claim that any psychological or emotional disadvantages brought by offering sexual services are dwarfed by many benefits in the form of financial assistance ensured by this activity to women. Such liberals consider the defenders of radical feminism arrogant and manipulative who in the name of defending women’s rights actually work to make them more disadvantaged. The liberal approach disapproves equating prostitution to sexual abuse of women. This thought is based on the belief that prostitution is not public but private immorality due to which it cannot be considered a concern of criminal law enforcement agencies. Criminal law should only be concerned with the sources of public immorality like pornography which is a far cry from prostitution. This approach stresses that opponents should realize the staggering difference between prostitution which is harmless and pornography which can be harmful and not attempt to mingle them. Willingly or consciously selling sexual services is not the kind of activity which infringes on public order and decency, so there should be no penalties for people who are involved in this practice on any level (Jaggar, 1980, pp. 349-50). The Marxist approach is not as simplistic as the liberal approach and has more depth to it. This approach draws conclusions about prostitution after analyzing myriad effects produced by it on the society as the social context of any activity is considered critically important here. Marxists agree that p rostitution translates into selling sexual services, but they also argue that this activity resembles marriage a lot in which a woman exchanges same services which are exchange in prostitution in return for financial support ensured by her husband. In the marriage, a man is willing to provide for the woman on the condition that she acknowledges and fulfills his sexual needs. Same is the case in prostitution in which a woman consents to offer sexual services in exchange for money from the men she attends. However, the difference is that a marriage is a legalized relationship approved by the social norms, while prostitution is not legalized and the women who are a part of this are called many derogatory names by the society. It is claimed by

Discussion 10 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Discussion 10 - Essay Example e a model to guide practice because of need for consistency in problem solution and possible efficiency that follows repeated application of a particular model. Consistency is necessary for reliability because models have different elements and procedures that could initiate differences in results. Identifying and relying on a single model however resolves this and allows for a basis for comparisons. Repeated application of a model also ensures competence in its application for better accurate evidence. The four models are similar in their methodology to evidence based practice in that they are structured. The Stetler model has five major steps: â€Å"preparation,† â€Å"validation,† â€Å"comparative evaluation,† â€Å"application,† and â€Å"evaluation† (Profetto-McGrath, Polit, & Beck, 2010, p. 376, 377). The IOWA model identifies such steps as recognizing triggers, evaluating priority, identification of problem, and implementation of a change (Profetto-McGrath, Polit, & Beck, 2010). Despite existence of well-defined methodologies in the models, each model has its specific procedure and this establishes the models’ differences (Profetto-McGrath, Polit, & Beck, 2010; Ackley, 2008). The models are also suitable for different areas of specialization. While the IOWA model is suitable for practice in areas with limited evidence, John Hopkins models is suitable for scientific research and Rosswurn & Larrabee model is suitable for acute care sc enarios (Rempher, 2006). In selecting a model in a setting, I would consider suitability of the model for the setting and complexity of the problem. This is because the factors are significant to successful intepratation of evidence (Profetto-McGrath, Polit, & Beck, 2010). Rempher, K. (2006). Putting theory into practice: Six steps to success. American Nurse Today. Retrieved from:

An Environmental Analysis Of eBay

An Environmental Analysis Of eBay The eBay is involved in internet auctions; it has been the most successful company in electronic auction that hosts more than 25 million sellers all over the world. Due to its reputation as a leading e-commerce company, it is the most competitive company. This company has come a long way since its inception by Pierre Omidyar in 1995, it was originally known as Auction Web, it faced a big challenge from its first sale of a broken laser pointer but now its web page leads in advertisements of diverse array of goods. This is a comprehensive business strategy for eBays e-business initiative in a detailed report form for the eBays CEO. It explains the value proposition and analysis of the company, on top of core competences that the company posses. The report continues explaining about the analysis of markets and evaluation trends of business in terms of competitive forces of potters five forces. The study explains the challenges that are faced within information and communication globally, as eBay business becomes global with certain stresses on the main processes of business, and systems like customer relationship customers, acknowledgement that is already in systems of legacy. Nevertheless, ICT infrastructure, efficient use integration of B2B, on top of security and standards. The risks that are involved during development stage, mainly concentrates on technical development of product requirements, as well as problems dealing with finances. The chances of market monopolization due to factors like customer test change amongst others. The major objective that the business might have included; keeping owners comfortable, raising the sales growth for the business survival; enabling the survival of the market at the beginning of and during the hard moments. Another objective might be maximizing the profits, to ensure that the business is supported. The critical success factors that the study found were: raising quality of products and production rates; promoting products and efficient service delivery and designing advanced strategies of advertising for revenue boost via increasing the sales. The study found that, the costs incurred by the business at the start of the business includes; cost for technology, technological development costs, consultation fee expenses, piloting training costs, running costs self advancement cost, among other costs. The benefits enjoyed include; improved cash flows, revenue increase, communication among other advantages mentioned in the report. The current situation has exposed the business to a very much competitive market with other e-commerce companies like the Amazon, followed by a decrease in the customer preferences with most customers preferring for goods with fixed prices rather than auctioned goods. The eBay auction company has therefore to make efforts to maintain its initial position in the market. The eBay company has major achievements that when restructured will help it to propel further and achieve its former glory. In 2008 its marketplace segment managed to generate over $ 5.5 billion as compared to 4.8 million which was generated a decade back in 1998. It has thousands of people that depend on it for their merchandise. The three year revival plan that was aimed at creating an array of comprehensively structured marketplaces to effectively capture the customer demand by locating them at one online spot. The adjustment of the fee structure to accommodate those sellers with fixed prices. The adjustment of the search ordering system to enable first appearance of the highly rated merchants. Embracing of new technologies such as Skype to increase communication over the internet. The efforts towards expansion of the services through the acquisition of websites such as the stubHub that is involved in ticket selling and the prostores that enables creation of the online stores. An Environmental analysis of eBay Company Analysis and Value Proposition The eBay company has been operating internet auction for a long time. The company has risen to higher height following the internet action business. It made it t mushroom to a very big company dealing with electronic marketing over the world. Pierre Omidyar found it in 1995 and at that time, it was known as Auction Web, deriving its name from its function. It now sells a wide range of goods and it has risen to the top clime of the business world to become on of the most recognizable and well-known web sites. The company has found its revenue grow ten times in a decade in the United State rising from $4.8 million to $5.5 billion between 1998 to 2008. This was realized from selling merchandised goods. This represents a great growth meaning the company has a great market share. The company has made very many people to support themselves by selling through the eBay while a couple of them use the business service to supplement their income (Reaves, 2003). Its value to people is seen by getting the way it has been visited. It emerged to be the most visited site at 2008 on the web. Value Proposition The company is able to embrace change to ensure that it realizes its goals. For example, the company in 2009 first quarter revenue went down and required a great intervention. The customers preferring fixed priced retailers brought made the eBay company to lose badly. Most of the customers opted a more simple buying technique that did not involve such things as bidding that took most of their time. They also experience a great pressure from their competitors, as there emerged so many online sellers making most of the buyers to consider the auction technique obsolete. Therefore, in pursuit of reviving their business they decided to uphold change brought by the customers demand. They started an online fixed price sale and started coming out of the auction part. They also made this more competitive by centralizing the sale system by ensuring comprehensive market place array through their systems (Tatnall, 2007). The company also was able to embrace change by moving its business by joining secondary market that offers overstock method. The Companys Core Competencies Finance The company has a very strong background. This is generated from the revenues it collects from its daily functions. The company collects a lot of revenue from fees and commissions associated with sales made. The revenues come from the direct advertising site while others are from the end to end service providers. The finance e gotten is made to expand the company globally with a lot of ease. This makes the company to stand at a competitive edge in carrying their daily services that requires finance. Advanced Technology The company has provided the small scale retailers with end to end service using PayPal that enhances business transaction through the eBay. This site helps to impose several types of fees on these sellers that include posting and collection fee of unsold items. They also adjusted their eBay search ordering system to ensure that the highly rated merchants were the one who appears first to ensure that they receive more exposure. The system used a very complicated formula that ensures item price is linked with the buyer and offered them a place to rank the seller according to the customers satisfaction. The technology they have has seen their smaller sellers of unique goods that have in the past successive. The investor supported the move very much making the company to have a great move to the right direction as far as expansion is concerned. Provision of Incentives The company adjusted their payments towards the provision of their service to their sellers. This move was made to cut across the board with no group benefiting than the other. The is made the company to gain more popularity as more sellers were able to access the market through the service provide by the company, hence fast expansion. Market analysis and trends Evaluation of the business in terms of Porters competitive forces model. According to the company, the market analysis can be made by use of the five porters forces. The analysis assumes that there five forces that are important in determining the competitive power of the business (Mindtools, 2010). The first one is the supplier power. The company has inclined their services to the fixed price suppliers ensuring that they narrow their suppliers to small group thus ensuring that they have stronger business suppliers. They have used the technology that they have to ensure that they are able to connect the suppliers with the customers. The suppliers are made to have power as they are made to choose between the prices that have been placed for the marketing purposes. The next one is the buyer power. The company are able to help the buyers to get in touch with the suppliers and to made then to have a platform that ensure them they are able to rate the sellers according to the price of the item they offer. This helps the suppliers to lower the prices of the products that they are selling trough the buyers intervention. Therefore, the company is able to control a wide market range through this process. Competitive Rivalry The eBay company has experienced competition rivalry from different company that offers the same service thus making them to have a decrease in the market share. They have tried to counter this by providing the services that the customers require after ensuring that they have realized this. They have changed their business target by introducing a fixed price platform to ensure that apart from the auction system, they are capable of having another faster means of business. This has made the company to start being revived. Threat of substitution is another force that the company has to deal with to ensure that the customers are not a threat to them by providing similar service. The companies are able to work with very high technology to ensure that the customers are not able to imitate them. They also have centralizing their business system to ensure that they are able to control their business and their top company secret kept a bay from the customers access. Threat of a new entry is another force that the company has to fight with to ensure that people do not interfere with the market. They have strengthened their technology making their market share a little bit firms. Technology and ICT System The companys ICT sector has done well as they are able to change it with a lot of ease. The interaction between the businesses to business has been working well as their are able to interact very well. The suppliers very easily making their ICT sector to be the best when it was started in 1995 have assimilated the technology that they have made over the years. The company has made sure that the security of the buyers and the sellers are entitled through the proper use of security (Quickmba, 2010). They have been able to maintain this over the years through a complex and multiple technology use. By integration of such technology, they have been very competitive. Value Proposition The company is able to embrace change to ensure that it realizes its goals. For example, the company in 2009 first quarter revenue went down and required a great intervention. The customers preferring fixed priced retailers brought made the eBay company to lose badly. Most of the customers opted a more simple buying technique that did not involve such things as bidding that took most of their time. They also experience a great pressure from their competitors, as there emerged so many online sellers making most of the buyers to consider the auction technique obsolete. Therefore, in pursuit of reviving their business they decided to uphold change brought by the customers demand. They started an online fixed price sale and started coming out of the auction part. They also made this more competitive by centralizing the sale system by ensuring comprehensive market place array through their systems (Tatnall, 2007). The company also was able to embrace change by moving its business by joining secondary market that offers overstock method. Business Plan Risks The risks during the development stage will usually center on technical development of the product, marketing, personnel requirements, and financial problems. By identifying and addressing each of the perceived risks during the development period, you will allay some of your major fears concerning the project and those of investors as well, (Dictionary, reference. 2011) The Opportunities and Objectives Opportunities The opportunity to monopolize the market by influencing the Changing customer tastes. The Liberation of customer preferences to increase the number of stable and potential customers. Utilization of the Technological advancement to expand the business through acquisition of more internet service delivery. Utilization of the Change in customer preferences to improve the eBay reputation. Objectives To enable the market survival at the initial start up time and during the hard times like the market or at a time of crisis. The aim of the owners and the shareholders to maximize the Profits to be supported. To keep the owners comfortable by making enough profit. To increase the sales growth to enable the survival of the business Critical Success Factors Increase in Product quality and production rates Improvement on the Distribution channel s. Setting of fair and competitive Prices Promotion of the products and the services delivery. Design the advanced Advertisement strategies to boost the revenues through increased sales. Cost and benefits (ROI) Cost Costs for technology produce an e-commerce website which requires high speed connections onto the Internet, develop a web server, and its software.  The costs of the payment systems is among other costs that are relevant, This is irrespective of whether it is by taking the online payments directly from the Societys web sites or from an alternative third-party agent such as the Pay pal or from a more expensive service like the use of an online bank. The technological development Costs. This might involve several programmers who can be able to make an interpretation of eBay functional requirements and the programs or create the companys website.   The Costs incurred for the consultancy support through design and the implementation the services of specialists in e-commerce will be required in especially in the design and the implementations to guide the eBay management through this process. Costs due to the organization for the piloting training. In the process of the technological development of the website, it is a good idea for one to allow the administration staff to be using the system on almost a daily basis to pilot the systems as part of a training initiative. The Running costs These are mainly the upkeep of the web server and its maintenance costs. The Running costs for change process This involves the costs which factors in for the employees of eBay company to train and adapt to newly introduced technology, mainly some of the strategies that will be used to make the changes as smooth as possible. Self Advertisement. In addition to the eBay chance to be on the Internet it would result in the familiarity to the responses to the emails, the queries, and the complaints that requires the instantatious or very quick responses as it is opposed to the replies to the Customer/Client via letters. To successed online, the eBay company must address the issue of Change Management so that it incorporates into its business, processes which will enable the guiding of the company so that it can successfully maximize its Internet effectiveness.   The Financial Benefits Improve Cash flow The Online payments results into the lead-time in receiving the payments for the memberships within the same day of application.   E-enabling all the membership processes is not always on the reengineering processes which makes it quicker than before, it results in a very complete overhaul to the previous ways of managing membership.   The E-enabled application and payments are always made online.   On the completion of the application, the documentation is quickly sent via the email to the members therefore adding on the value by cutting down the waiting time. It also saves when it comes on the printing and the postage for the Society.   Even if when the member has no email address, the documentation is still available for downloading for those registered members on the web site. The Increase in the Revenues The Internet increases the volume of the members thereby increasing on the total revenues that are collected as fees or commission on goods that are sold. Non-financial benefits Communication The direct email marketing incurs very little or no costs when it is compared with the traditional direct mail marketing.   The direct email marketing always allows for the flexibility of sending the companys message either day or night, as they want. Transparency The Website for Information Management allows the membership process to be completely transparent.   Management will be in a position to know: The total number of members Members in need of renewing their membership Members with arrears on membership fees   The Total number of the members and the accredited members The Forecast towards the expected revenue to be generated in advance by looking at the historic monthly revenues that have been generated. Exposure The availability of the Internet implies that eBay becomes a global Business as a result of the exposure.   This attracts the potential members internationally.   The use of the Web to sell eBays products eliminates the physical boundaries the customer base.   The Customers all over the world can easily search, find out and purchase the products on the eBay products online. Wider Considerations During the signing up process of the prospective members for membership, personal data is being provided.   The provided data includes; the members name, the full address, and the credit card details.   Implementation Plan Objectives Secure a stead market and be to carry out the business global within a year. Sign up more than 3 million customers all over the world within the first three years of operations. To increase the number of business websites to 10 within the first year. Tasks Secure new markets worldwide- general sales manager. Obtain licenses and permits legal executive. Set up regional blog on the websites project manager. Begin recruiting customers sales manager. Create marketing collateral marketing manager. Solicit referrals from clients relationship manager. Tasks Resource allocation Time allocation Progress Secure new markets worldwide. sales manager 3 months 100% Obtain licenses and permits. legal executive I month 100% Set up regional blog on websites. project manager 6months 50% Begin recruiting customers. sales manager 1 year 20% Create marketing collateral. marketing manager 1 year 20% Solicit referrals from clients. relationship manager I month 100% Strategies for assessing the e-Business initiative Balanced Scorecard for eBay Scorecard Balanced Areas for Measures Strategic Objective Measure Metric Target Year 1 Financial a)Raise the customer retention. Business ability to retain the customers. Customer. high b)Grow the business by focusing on customers. Bring in more revenues from each customer Customer. high c)Increase profitability range. Improve the overall profitability range of the company to over 70%. profitability range. ↑70% d)To increase competence level of the business. competitive level of the business will be raised to the highest level. competence level. high Customer value perspective a)To prioritize customer needs and value. The customer needs and value will be highly appreciated. customer needs. High appreciation b)To raise the customer retention/turn over. The customer retention ability of the business will be raised to the maximum of 90%. customer retention ability. ↑90% c)Enhance the customer satisfaction. Satisfaction of loyal customers to be enhanced customer satisfaction. Enhanced Process or Internal operations perspective. a)Initiate a strong measure of process performance Initiate a strong measure of process performance to increase overall efficiency by 80% this financial year. process performance 80% b)To increase productivity. Formulate policies of the business to increase productivity. Productivity. increased c)To improve the operation metrics of the business Operation metrics of the business will be improved to the highest standards within the consecutive series of three years. highest standards. high Learning and growth perspective. a)Increase the technological innovations Increase the technological innovations of the employees to by encouraging experimentation and creativity. experimentation and creativity. Increase b)Optimize the company s workforce Optimize the workforce by reducing the overall turnover from 17 to 13% by the end of the financial year. Overall turnover. ↓17% c)Mentor organizational culture. organizational culture will be mentored towards increment of the productivity by implementing SMART goals. Increment of the productivity Increment Major revenues are derived from the fees and the commissions obtained from the sales transactions, partly the advertisements on the sites and the end t end kind of service provision as that of paypal. The eBay requires heavy financial investments in the range of over $100 that should enable it maintain a stable position over the market place and gain the advantage over its competitors like the Amazon retailers who have successfully gained monopoly of services such as the sale of goods with fixed prices, which is advantageous over the traditional means such as auctioning. The required finances can be sourced from the financial institutions in the form of a loan. These finances can be used to upgrade the achievements of the business. Web site Analysis of eBay EBay needs to develop the analytics for analyzing web site performance. This will be used for the purpose of taking measurements, gathering, analysis and reporting internet data for the reason of optimizing the web usage. Apart from being a tool of being measuring website traffic, it can also be used both in business and market research. Their application can enable eBay to take out come of traditional print campaign of advertising. It wills also helping traffic elimination to the web to the change of website after launch of advertising campaigns that is new. It will provide eBay with data on the number of visitors page views and so on, that is used to gauge popularity and traffic trends which help when carry out market research., (Sterne, 2002) Being one the analytics categories, off-site web measurements and analysis regardless of being ones own or for the web maintains, takes them 5 weeks. Among them, is the measurement potential audience website; visibility or share of voices; and lastly the buzz or comments that is happening as a whole on the internet. On the other hand, on-site web analytics can be used to measure the journey of visitors refer to the web site. This involves the conversions and drivers in the contexts, for example, the landing pages that provide encouragement to people to buy. On-site we analytics measure the performance of eBays website in a context that is commercial. Typically this data is compared against indicators of key performances for performance analysis. In addition, it is used in improving a site on a web, or audience campaign response. In the history, web analytics have been used to refer to on-site visitor measurement. On the other hand, in the past recent years, this factor has been blurr ed, mainly because; vendors are ending up producing tools the both categories get spanned, (Srinivasan, 2001). Analysis Recommendations EBays Web Site Redevelopment, EBay Company needs to redevelop its web to brand, market and sell well in the market. As an effect, it is much imperative for eBay to redesign its web, to attract new leads and product sale. The company needs to use new software tiles as well as tools of programming for the enhancement of functionality and look web pages. It needs to incorporate AJAX programming technology, or in other words, the technology suits. This technology incredibly creates responsive web pages that tend to be dynamic. This in addition combines valuable tools of programming and languages for the formation of one mega-tool that enables smoother communication between end users and the servers of the web. This program in general will provide the following advantages; this will make eBay enjoy almost zero delay services between user interface and web servers, as it eliminate the need of page refreshing. In the process of minimizing communication between user interface and web server, it saves server bandwidth whi le enhancing server functioning. As an effect, it reduces the workload on the server. This takes them 1 month.( Mybestratedwebhosting, 2011) Though their acquisition programs have proved to be much successful, they still have a responsibility of creating a synergy will intend and diversify will detract the eBay from the core business, auction. Though, the management is maintaining that this format of hosting fixed-price by retailers who tend to be reliable, makes shopping to be friendlier to customers and much predictable. However, the fact remains that, this format is diluting eBays brand and reputation as a flea market that is dynamic. As a fact, other than economic problems, its stock has tanked down. This will lead to an increase in eBays site traffic. Since the Skype business is not working well, the company needs to resale it. The objective of Skype was for buyers and sellers to chart about their transactions; however, the expectation was never realized. This is because, though eBay spend about $2.5 billion, it only collect only apportion of that initial cost. Outsourcing of ICT Infrastructure and Services Delivery eBay company needs to maximize savings through ICT use. This will make service delivery much efficient and effective. Under the raising pressure from the budget, back office departments that support PayPal service is supposed to cut their expenses for the preservation of front office services. Simultaneously, they are needed to provide extra solutions and services that tend to assist in unlocking savings across the company. The delivery of efficient services will reduce the operating expenses, add value from rationalize investment, greater accessibility to knew experiences and skills, and lastly, increasing efficiency of IT department will enable IT staff more under similar time frame. As an effect, this will lead to a conflict that will lead to the problem of altering main priorities, gaps ability, and directly influences core service delivery. When solving such like conflict, the needs to outsource back office departments, Swanson. 2007. This recommendation will take them one year due to contract applications this takes an approximate of 6 weeks A part from providing security, the outsourced company will provide management of ICT infrastructures. This will help eBay firm built reliability, confidence and trust much quickly. This is because; eBay will concentrate on their core business their customers. As an effect of outsourcing, the outsourced company will provide flexible services that will tent to meet eBays needs. Having deep technical expertise, eBay will also be provided with high standards of quality services that are based on respect and mutual respect. IT Staffing Requirements The company needs to come up with it staffing requirements to that will tend to support their new initiatives and its global expansion and online delivery. This is because; the IT staffing requirements are in most cases dictated by the responsibility of IT within the company. It should never base on region, size of the industry, industry among other metrics that are similar. The two most significant parameters are the technological complexity of the company, and the IT department scope. The IT staffing requirements was to be based on what will lead to effective and efficient performances of the individual procedure. In the current world, IT staffing requirements varies depending on local practices; for instance, federal, state, and locals. Generally, the standards have just been generalized that; the staff should be enough in number with far much appropriate training and supervision. Both education and training levels might also vary, including registered IT engineers, licensed practical engineers, as well as unlicensed practical assistance personnel. Support services for eBay The firm needs to develop support services for eBay and its world wide expansion and online delivery. The company is supposed to develop parts compatibility gatherings. This improves significance and freeing up of items, on top of explaining in details. The eBay product service support consists of product API and product Metadata products that help in listing support parts compatibility. The product information has calls that return product information. It assists in identifying products that have been associated with compatibilities. This product API gets application compatibility for products, based on their specification; they also find products for the category that is specified, and lastly, gets all available details of compatible details for the products described. On the other hand, eBay needs to implement product Metadata for the return of specified categories. It collects all possible values for multiple property compatibility, among other functions, (Developer program. 2011 ). International legal and ethical issues The company needs to consider international legal and ethical issues. eBay needs to notify users of their partnership with law enforcers. It is on blotter of p

Descartes Proof of God Essay -- essays research papers

Rene Descartes’ arguments in â€Å"Meditations on First Philosophy† are questionable to exactly how valid and sound they really are. His proof for the existence of God in the fifth meditation is an example of one of his invalid and therefore unsound arguments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the meditations Descartes refers to clear and distinct ideas. Descartes first introduces doubt to the reader by saying that one cannot trust these clear and distinct ideas. â€Å"I have noticed that the senses are sometimes deceptive; as it is a mark of prudence never to place our complete trust in those that have deceived us even once.† (Descartes, 60) He introduces doubt through the senses, dreams, and through the possibility of an evil genius at work. For instance he states that â€Å"There is no sure sign that I can tell that I am awake. If there are no sure signs that I can tell that I am awake then there is reason to doubt I am awake. Therefore there is reason to doubt I am awake.† (Descartes 60)This is how Descartes shows that we may be dreaming even though during these dreams we can experience authentic truths. He also he goes on to state that, â€Å"If there is reason to doubt that I am awake then there is reason to doubt that I am sitting by the fire. So then there is reason to doubt that I am sitting by a fire even though I see and feel a fire.† (Descartes 60)This Descartes believes could be true because there may be an evil genius at work, whose sole purpose is to put his entire effort...